Cuvântul care ne doare: skanderbeg
SKANDERBEG (pe numele adevărat Gjergj Kastrioti) (c. 1405-1468), comandant de oşti, erou naţional al Albaniei. A condus între 1443 şi 1468 lupta împotriva Imperiului Otoman, obţinând victorii la Torvioll (1444), Oranik (1456), Mokra (1462), eliberând o mare parte din teritoriul albanez, cu centrul în oraşul Krujë.
Sursa: DE (1993-2009)
skanderbeg s.n. – Întrecere sportivă în care doi adversari îşi măsoară forţa braţelor. Cuvântul derivă de la Skanderbeg – porecla lui George Castriota sau Kastrioti (1405-1468), patriot albanez. Luat de otomani de la vârsta de 7 ani, a fost crescut ca musulman şi a devenit comandantul favorit al sultanului Murad II (a domnit între 1421-1451), care i-a dat porecla, o combinaţie între Iskander (Alexandru) şi funcţia de bei. În 1443 a trecut de partea opusă, a renunţat la islamism şi i-a îndepărtat pe turci din Albania. A menţinut independenţa Albaniei timp de douăzeci de ani, dar după moartea sa opoziţia faţă de turci s-a destrămat. Skanderbeg a fost contemporan cu Mircea cel Bătrân şi era supranumit în epocă „Braţ de Fier”. De aici şi denumirea sportului. [după Dicţionar de eponime – O. Laiu-Despău, ed. Saeculum I.O. 2006]
Sursa: Neoficial
engl.
Arm wrestling is a sport with two participants. Each participant places one arm (either the right or left, but both must be the same) on a surface with their elbows bent and touching the surface, and they grip each other’s hand. The goal is to pin the other’s arm onto the surface, with the winner’s arm over the loser’s arm.
en.wikipedia.org
fr.
Le bras de fer (ou tir au poignet) est un jeu ou un exercice de musculation pour reconnaître le plus fort des deux participants. Il se pratique à deux personnes qui s’assoient face à face autour d’une table. Ils empoignent chacun le poignet de l’autre et forcent chacun vers la main non utilisée. Le gagnant est celui qui amène la main de l’autre, sans le blesser, à la table.
fr.wikipedia.org
germ.
Armdrücken ist ein zum Zwecke des Kräftemessens ausgeübter Kraftsport.
Dabei sitzen oder stehen sich zwei Kontrahenten an einem Tisch gegenüber. Beide setzen den Ellbogen eines Arms auf den Tisch, strecken die Hand nach oben und reichen sich die Hand. Auf ein Startkommando hin versuchen beide, den Arm des Gegners auf die Tischplatte zu drücken. Die Ellbogen beider Teilnehmer müssen dabei stets auf dem Tisch liegen bleiben. Sieger ist, wer den Arm des Gegners so weit niederdrückt, dass dessen Handrücken die Tischplatte berührt.
de.wikipedia.org
it.
Il braccio di ferro è una disciplina sportiva in quanto presuppone una buona preparazione atletica e la conoscenza di tecniche specifiche. È uno sport di forza, di tecnica, di resistenza e di velocità. La forza gioca un ruolo primario, ma anche le altre componenti sono importanti. Si utilizzano muscoli e tendini che solitamente non vengono utilizzati in altri movimenti, pertanto l’allenamento specifico ha un notevole impatto sulla performance.
it.wikipedia.org
magh.
A karbirkózás vagy szkander a birkózás egyik fajtája; ír eredetet tulajdonítanak neki. Az győz, aki a másik csuklóját egy meghatározott vonalra vagy – műkedvelői szintnél maradva – az asztal lapjára szorítja.
A versenyzők állva vagy ülve, asztalra helyezett könyökkel indíthatnak (habszivacs alátét általában megengedett), és másik kezükkel az asztalba épített fogantyúba kapaszkodhatnak.
A csukló a rajtnál egyenes marad, úgy, hogy kilátszik a hüvelykujj bütyke, a vállak vízszintesen helyezkednek el az indításnál.
Súlycsoportok és nemek szerint szerveznek versenyeket belőle, nemzetközi szabályok szerint, ezek versenyenként eltérőek lehetnek.
hu.wikipedia.org
Ion Oncescu (n. 25 aprilie 1978, Bucureşti, România) este un luptător profesionist de skanderbeg român, actualul campion mondial la ambele braţe.
ro.wikipedia.org
George Kastrioti Skanderbeg (6 May 1405 – 17 January 1468), widely known as Skanderbeg (from Turkish: İskender Bey, meaning “Lord Alexander“, or “Leader Alexander“; Albanian: Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu), was a 15th-century Albanian lord. He was appointed as the governor of the Sanjak of Dibra by the Ottoman Turks in 1440. In 1444, he initiated and organised the League of Lezhë, which proclaimed him Chief of the League of the Albanian people, and defended the region of Albania against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades.
Skanderbeg’s military skills presented a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion, and he was considered by many in western Europe to be a model of Christian resistance against the Ottoman Muslims. Skanderbeg is Albania’s most important national hero and a key figure of the Albanian National Awakening.
Skanderbeg was born in 1405 to the noble Kastrioti family, in the Shëgjerth neighborhood of Sinë, a village in Dibra. Sultan Murad II took him hostage during his youth and he fought for the Ottoman Empire as a general. In 1443, he deserted the Ottomans during the Battle of Niš and became the ruler of Krujë. Skanderbeg’s first victory against the Ottomans, at the Battle of Torvioll in the same year marked the beginning of more than 20 years of war with the Ottomans. Skanderbeg’s forces achieved more than 20 victories in the field and withstood three sieges of his capital, Krujë.
In 1451 he de jure recognized the suzerainty of Kingdom of Naples through the Treaty of Gaeta, to ensure a protective alliance, although he remained an independent ruler de facto. In 1460–1461, he participated in Italy’s civil wars in support of Ferdinand I of Naples. In 1463, he became the chief commander of the crusading forces of Pope Pius II, but the Pope died while the armies were still gathering. Left alone to fight the Ottomans, Skanderbeg did so until he died in January 1468.
Marin Barleti, an early 16th century Albanian historian, wrote a biography of Skanderbeg, which was printed between 1508 and 1510. The work, written in Latin and in a Renaissance and panegyric style, was translated into all the major languages of Western Europe from the 16th through the 18th centuries. Such translations inspired an opera by Vivaldi, and literary creations by eminent writers such as playwrights William Havard and George Lillo, French poet Ronsard, English poet Byron, and American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
Probably one of the most important legacies of Skanderbeg lies with his military mastery. The trouble that he caused to the Ottoman Empire military forces was such that when the Ottomans found the grave of Skanderbeg in Saint Nicholas, a church in Lezhë, they opened it and made amulets of his bones, believing that these would confer bravery on the wearer.
Indeed the damage inflicted to the Ottoman Army was such that Skanderbeg is said to have slain three thousand Turks with his own hand during his campaigns. Among stories told about him was that he never slept more than five hours at night and could cut two men asunder with a single stroke of his scimitar, cut through iron helmets, kill a wild boar with a single stroke, and cleave the head off a buffalo with another.
James Wolfe, commander of the British forces at Quebec, spoke of Skanderbeg as a commander who “excels all the officers, ancient and modern, in the conduct of a small defensive army“.
On October 27, 2005, the United States Congress issued a resolution “honoring the 600th anniversary of the birth of Gjergj Kastrioti (Scanderbeg), statesman, diplomat, and military genius, for his role in saving Western Europe from Ottoman occupation.”
Fully understanding the importance of the hero to the Albanians, Nazi Germany formed in February 1944, the 21st SS Division Skanderbeg, with 6,491 Kosovo Albanians.
en.wikipedia.org
Deci, cum îi zice? skanderbeg. Aşa să-i rămână numele! Sau, dacă vreţi, braţ-de-fier.
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